OUTERNET - FREE INTERNET FOR EVERYONE

The term OUTERNET with slogan "INFORMATION FOR THE WORLD FROM OUTER SPACE" suggests that there is an involvement of Aliens, but it is not that. It is a mission founded by Syed Karim with the primary objective of 'to bridge the global information divide' because more than 60% people of our planet  mainly, peoples living in rural areas and remote villages doesn't utilize the knowledge stock present on the internet. Internet has now become an indispensable part of human life, and statistically almost all countries are using internet for personal & business use, which is the reason why companies are working on new solutions to ensure access of internet to entire population of the planet. 

Outernet guarantees the Human Right (Access to knowledge and information) by practical approach to information delivery to each and every humans. Media Development Investment Fund & Google Loon which targets at bringing free internet to inhabitants around the globe even in most inaccessible areas like deserts, oceans, remote islands at poles, etc. by means of satellites that are revolving around the Earth, known as Cubesat. According to MDIF (Media Development Investment Fund), it will take around 100 Cubesats to cover every corner of the planet. Initially, the service will be active only to some users for testing purpose. While later on the connection will be available to all users for free of charge. However, users will need antennas that are capable of interacting with Cubesats.

In-order to transmit & receive information signals, the protocols such as DVB, DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) & WiFi Multicasting are also used to broadcast clearly.

Outernet gives information related to education, entertainment, emergency communications etc.

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Find out more information and discuss, visit outernet forum>>Go here<<

World’s Smallest FM Radio Transmitter

World’s smallest FM radio transmitter was designed by a team of Columbia Engineering researchers and published their study online on November 17, 2013 in Nature Nanotechnology, this team was led by Mechanical Engineering Professor James Hone and Electrical Engineering Professor Kenneth Shepard, it is possible by taking the advantage of graphene’s special properties (mechanical strength and electrical conduction) and created a nano-mechanical system that can create FM signals.

(Placing a sheet of atomically-thin graphene into a feedback circuit causes spontaneous self-oscillation that can be tuned to create frequency modulated (FM) signals)

Graphene’s mechanical ‘stretchability’ is used to tune the output frequency of their custom oscillator, creating a nanomechanical version of an electronic component known as a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). With a VCO, explains Hone, it is easy to generate a frequency-modulated (FM) signal, exactly what is used for FM radio broadcasting. A frequency about 100 MHz was built a team using graphene nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), which lies right in the middle of the FM radio band (87.7 to 108 MHz). They used low-frequency musical signals (both pure tones and songs from an iPhone) to modulate the 100 MHz carrier signal from the graphene, and then retrieved the musical signals again using an ordinary FM radio receiver.

Hone says. "In advancing wireless signal processing and designing ultrathin, efficient cell phones. Our devices are much smaller than any other sources of radio signals, and can be put on the same chip that’s used for data processing.” he also added “This work is significant in that it demonstrates an application of graphene that cannot be achieved using conventional materials,” 

Graphene NEMS are very compact and easily integrated with other types of electronics, and their frequency can be tuned over a wide range because of graphene’s tremendous mechanical strength. Now both working to improve the performance of the graphene oscillators by lower noise in signals. At the same time, they are also trying to demonstrate integration of graphene NEMS with silicon integrated circuits, making the oscillator design even more compact.

Source: http://engineering.columbia.edu/

Gi-Fi Gigabit Fidelity (New Era of Wireless Technology)

Gi-Fi (Gigabit Fidelity) is a wireless transmission system which is ten times faster than the current wireless technology & its chip delivers short-range multigigabit data transfer in a local environment.

Gi-Fi is a wireless technology which promises high speed short range data transfers with speeds of up to 5 Gbps within a range of 10 meters. This technology operates on the 60GHz frequency band which is currently mostly unused. It is manufactured using (CMOS) technology. This wireless technology named as Gi-Fi, it satisfies the standards of IEEE 802.15.3C. The benefits and features of this new technology can be helpful for use in development of the next generation of devices and places. On comparing Gi-Fi with some of existing technologies with very high speed large files transfers within seconds it isatisfies the standards of IEEE 802.15.3Cs expected that Gi-Fi to be the preferred wireless technology used in future.

At the University of Melbourne, Australia. Researchers demonstrated a transceiver integrated on a single integrated circuit (chip) in 2008, that operated at 60 GHz on the CMOS process. It allows wireless transfer of audio and video data at up to 5 gigabits/sec, which is ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, only at one-tenth the cost.

Researchers choose the  unlicensed frequency band (57-64 GHz) since the millimetre-wave range of the spectrum allowed high component on-chip integration as well as the integration of very small high gain arrays. The available 7 GHz of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second to users within an indoor environment, usually within a range of 10 metres.

Some press reports called this "GiFi". It was developed by Melbourne University-based laboratories of NICTA (National ICT Australia Limited), Australia’s Information and Communications Technology Research Centre of Excellence. The Wireless Gigabit Alliance was formed in 2009. It used the term "WiGig" which avoided trademark confusion.

LiFi - Future Wireless Technology

Li-Fi

     All of them heard about Wi-Fi a type of wireless technology. Similar to Wi-Fi, the next wireless technology called Li-Fi. Only difference is using of light instead of radio waves. Wi-Fi is best for general wireless coverage within buildings, and Li-Fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined areas and for relieving radio interference issues.

     Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute (HHI) in Berlin said they reached a data transmission rate of to 3 Gbits/s using light emitting diodes.The technology works by adapting LEDs to send digital information. A light sensor on a device picks up the digital information sent by the LED, which enables it to be processed by a computer. The concept of Visual Light Communication(VLC) is also called as Li-Fi. LEDs are solid-state electronics, meaning they can be controlled in the same way as any other electronic component, and switched at a high speed using techniques called Pulse Width Modulation(PWM). In this technology LEDs as a transmitter and photo diode as a receiver instead of antenna used in Wi-Fi.

Data broadcast via Li-Fi

      The previous VLC system was capable of transmitting up to 500 Mbps over four meters (13 feet), or 120 Mbps over 20 meters (67 feet). Rather than actually using a standard LED bulb, Fraunhofer’s VLC system is a black box, with an LED and photo detector on the front, and an Ethernet jack on the back to connect it to the rest of the network. In this system, the hardware only allowed for 30 MHz of bandwidth to be used. In order to reach the high speed of Gbits/s, the HHI researchers have found a way that instead of using single LED, they uses three different colours.

FEATURES:

     Optical wireless communication in the infrared and visible range, is an attractive solution, especially in environment settings where radio communication encounters difficulties. The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute applies modern transmission techniques that enable data rates up to 1,25 Gbit/s. LED-lamps, normally used for lighting purposes, simultaneously transmit data, even when mobile terminals are not aligned with the access point.

     Li-Fi is spectrally efficient modulation for high data throughput, Support of multi-user communication, optimization of optical senders and receivers for high bandwidth, high linearity and high signal-to-noise ratios, simple optical frontends, off-the-shelf components and standard interfaces, Robust communication without  transceiver alignment, i.e. no pointing and tracking.

VLC results achieved using on-off keying

• 125 Mbit/s (low-cost components)
• 230 Mbit/s (APD photodiode)

VLC results achieved using DMT modulation

• 100 Mbit/s (low-cost hardware implementation)
• 500 Mbit/s (demonstrated with APD + off-line data processing)
• 800 Mbit/s WDM transmission using RGB-LED (demonstrated via off-line data processing)

VLC Components for 3 Gbit/s communication:

Transmitter(left) and Receiver(right)

     The newly developed patent protected components have now enabled exploitation of a much higher bandwidth of up to 180 MHz and achieved a transmission rate in laboratory experiments of over 1 Gbit/s per single light frequency. As off-the-shelf white light LEDs mainly use three light frequencies or light colors (RGB), speeds of up to 3 Gbits/s are feasible. VLC has a broad array of other possible applications ranging from areas like hospital operating theatres where safety is at a premium to places like trade shows and factory halls where radio communication is problematic.

In Aircraft

Applications of Li-Fi

• Combination of lighting and data communication
• Technology also applicable to near infrared or ultraviolet wavelengths
• Simple shielding by opaque surfaces (improved privacy)
• Wireless links in RF-noisy environments
• No electromagnetic interference (EMI) with radio systems, no e-smog
• Unregulated spectrum (optical frequencies) with worldwide availability
• Simple shielding by opaque surfaces (improved privacy)

BLUETOOTH - Famous Wireless Technology

BLUETOOTH

      Now a days, every mobiles,computers in fact every electronics products released. latest version of Bluetooth is v4.0 which is used in latest smart phones and other devices. Now will see the some information about Bluetooth and its versions

     A wireless technology used for exchanging data over short distances, creating Personal Area Network(PAN) using Short wavelength radio transmission(2400-2483 MHz) ie. Microwave radio frequency This technology was first created by ERICSSON in 1994 as a alternative for RS 232 data cables.

    Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group consists of many thousands members from various telecommunication companies. It was standardized as as IEEE 802.15.1, but now it is not maintained. In order to manages the qualification, protects the trademarks Bluetooth device must qualify to standards defined by SIG.

       Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. The transmitted data is divided into packets and each packet is transmitted on one of the 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. The first channel starts at 2402 MHz and continues up to 2480 MHz in 1 MHz steps. It usually performs 1600 hops per second.

  Initially Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation scheme available; subsequently, since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode where an instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to describe π/4-DPSK and 8DPSK schemes, each giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively. The combination of these (BR and EDR) modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a "BR/EDR radio".

       Bluetooth is a master-slave structure, One master may communicate with up to 7 slaves at a same time. in order to use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device has to be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles include settings to parametrize and to control the communication from start. Adherence to profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different types of applications or use cases for devices.

       At first Jacobson and Wetzel from Bell Laboratories discovered flaws in the Bluetooth pairing protocol and also pointed to vulnerabilities in the encryption scheme in 2001.

Version 4.0

    

     Latest bluetooth version consumes very low power than previous versions achieves its reduced power consumption by enabling devices to remain paired, or connected to each other, without requiring a continual stream of data to be transferred between the devices. It includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed and Bluetooth low energy protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols. This version achieves its reduced power consumption by enabling devices to remain paired, or connected to each other, without requiring a continual stream of data to be transferred between the devices.

          It  was announced in late 2010.  In late 2011, new logos “Bluetooth Smart Ready” for hosts and “Bluetooth Smart” for sensors were introduced as the general-public face of BLE it was first appeared in Apple's 2012 releases of the MacBook Air and MacBook Mini. The first smartphone to utilize the new Bluetooth 4 technology was Apple’s iPhone 4S. Bluetooth 4.0 is also expected to play a key role in the development of advanced, long-lasting wearable computing devices like smart watches and fitness monitoring devices.

          General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager (SM) services with AES Encryption.

        As per the quote "Technology development cannot be stopped" this technology is also improving day by day, we can expect next versions with high security and other functions.

NFC - Short Range Radio Technology

NFC

      NFC  (Near Field Communication) is a short-range radio technology works in the 13.56 Mhz spectrum, can greatly simplify how a user gathers data and interacts with their environment and one device to other device. When a phone touches, or is held near an NFC tag or another NFC capable device, the phone can exchange data with that tag or device. It uses  radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards such as RF layer iso 18092 + ISO 14443 Type A,Type B + Felica. NFC builds upon RFID systems by allowing two-way communication between endpoints short distances. 

    NFC makes life easier and much more convenient for consumers around the world by making it simpler to exchange digital content, and connect electronic devices with a touch. NFC also offers mobile payment system by simple touch the NFC enabled smart phones, no need to take credit cards or any other. Unfortunately this is available in some countries such as USA,UK but it would reach every part of the world with in few years. 

      A standards-based connectivity technology, NFC harmonizes today's diverse contact less technologies, enabling current and future solutions in areas such as:

• Access control
• Consumer electronics
• Healthcare
• Information collection and exchange
• Loyalty and coupons
• Payments
• Transport

      NFC complements many popular consumer level wireless technologies, by utilizing the key elements in existing standards for contact less card technology (ISO/IEC 14443 A&B and JIS-X 6319-4). NFC can be compatible with existing contact less card infrastructure and enables a consumer to utilize one device across different systems. Extending the ability of the contact less card technology, NFC also enables devices to share information at a distance less than 4 centimeters with a maximum communication speed of 424 kbps. Users can share business cards, make transactions, access information from smart posters or provide credentials for access control systems with a simple touch.

      NFC’s bidirectional communication ability is ideal for establishing connections with other technologies by the simplicity of touch. For example if the user wants to connect their mobile device to their stereo to play media, they can simply touch the device to the stereo’s NFC touch point and the devices will negotiate the best wireless technology to use.

NFC works in three modes, such as 

• Reader/Writer 
• Peer-2-peer and 
• card emulation.

 Illustration which describes the different components of the technical architecture of NFC is

FEATURES:

• Intuitive: NFC interactions require no more than a simple touch
• Versatile: NFC is ideally suited to the broadest range of industries, environments, and uses
• Open and standards-based: The underlying layers of NFC technology follow universally implemented ISO, ECMA, and ETSI standards
• Technology-enabling: NFC facilitates fast and simple setup of wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.)
• Inherently secure: NFC transmissions are short range (from a touch to a few centimeters)
• Inter-operable: NFC works with existing contact less card technologies
• Security-ready: NFC has built-in capabilities to support secure applications.

SAMSUNG'S 5G (5th Generation Mobile technology)

SAMSUNG TESTED WORLD FASTEST 5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY, RELEASE BY 2020.

      On May 12, 2013 Samsung successfully tested world's most advanced Fifth generation (5G) wireless technology. The Samsung revealed that it will commercially release by 2020. It's still an amazing improvement over what many people are experiencing now.

      Everybody hears the term "5G" in any researching papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/LTE, 3G standards. Till now (22.05.2013) company does not describe any particular specification officially. But, rumour says that we can smell the next side. It gives multiple concurrent data transfer paths. The company says its equipment is capable of transmitting data at more than 1Gbps across a distance of up to 2km (1.2 miles).It allows user to stream HD Blu-ray videos on the move.

    

       Milestone of 5G is Rahim Tafazolli. Who is the professor in the University of Surrey takes 5G research efforts - suggests that even if the latest development was used, it would only be "a small part of the larger jigsaw" of technologies needed to deliver 5G. His words his own £35m project to develop a 5G standard is funded by Samsung, Huawei, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu Laboratories Europe etc. Samsung says it has developed the world's first "ADAPTIVE ARRAY TRANSCEIVER" technology, an innovation that allows part of the super-high-frequency band of the radio spectrum at 28GHz to be used for cellular data transmission.

      Samsung’s 5G network runs off of the 28GHz waveband. Samsung reportedly used 64 antenna elements to pull off the high-speed data transfer, and believes they can commercialize and implement their 5G network by 2020, which communicates in the millimetre-wave bands.

Some features of 5G:

• ü Download HD movies in a few seconds.
• ü 5G technology offers high resolution mobile user and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.
• ü Speed in Gbps.
• ü The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology
• ü Supports virtual private network and so on.

  News revealed that discussions about which part of the radio spectrum to use will take place at the UN's World Radio communication Conference in 2015.